Protein-Based Anticancer Therapy: Applications, Challenges and Future Directions

Abstract

Protein-based therapies are currently considered as promising strategy for treating cancer, offering targeted interventions that specifically address the underlying molecular mechanisms driving tumor growth and progression. Monoclonal antibodies, enzyme-based therapies, and immunotoxins are examples of protein-based therapeutics that have shown great potential in improving treatment outcomes. Basically, monoclonal antibodies, such as trastuzumab and pembrolizumab, selectively target cancer-specific antigens, inhibiting the growth of tumors and enhancing the ability of immune system to combat cancer. On the other hand, enzyme-based therapies utilize the unique enzymatic activities present in cancer cells to activate prodrugs or enhance the efficacy of anti-cancer agents within the tumor microenvironment whereas immunotoxins combine the targeting capabilities of antibodies with the cytotoxic effects of toxic proteins, enabling selective destruction of cancer cells. Biomarkers and personalized medicine approaches, based on specific protein signatures, aid in early detection, prognosis, and treatment of health disorders. However, challenges, such as resistance to targeted therapies and effective drug delivery, need to be addressed. Notwithstanding, protein-based therapies hold great promise in improving cancer treatment outcomes, paving the way for more effective and tailored interventions that ultimately benefit cancer patients. This review discusses the multifaceted roles of proteins in cancer therapy, highlighting their diverse functions and therapeutic implications as well as their challenges and future prospects.